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Recent Government statistics confirm the continuing decline in the number of arrests carried out by Police in England and Wales.  In the year ending March 2015, there were 950,000 arrests carried out by Police, a fall of 7% on the previous year and continuing the downward trend since a peak of 1.5 million arrests in year ending 2007. 

What is the explanation for this decline? Some would argue that the drop off is attributable to the fact that less crime is being committed generally.  Others, like Hampshire Police Federation Chairman John Apter put the drop off down to the reduction in serving Police Officers; “The reduction of numbers clearly shows the consequences of losing so many officers”.  

An alternative explanation is a gradual change in Police culture away from arrest now, investigate later to actively considering alternatives to arrests and in particular, to investigate by way of voluntary interview.  Such alternatives to arrest both spares the suspect the ordeal and distress of incarceration (for example, householders who use reasonable force in self defence against burglars and teachers/school staff facing allegations connected with their employment) and the Police the expense of keeping that individual in Custody (of particular interest in these lean days of austerity) and is of course particularly appropriate when dealing with low level criminality. 

This shift in culture away from seeing the sheer number of arrests made as a sign of success (for example see the Evening Standard’s report “Make more arrests or face punishment Police Officers told” has been encouraged by changes to Code G of PACE (implemented by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (Codes of Practice) (Revision of Codes C, G and H) Order 2012 (SI 2012 No. 1798) implemented in November 2012. 

Code G contains the following provisions under the section headed ‘Introduction’ 

1.2       The exercise of the power of arrest represents an obvious and significant interference with the Right to Liberty and Security under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights set out in the Human Rights Act 1998. 

1.3       The use of power must be fully justified and officers exercising the power should consider if the necessary objectives can be met by other, less intrusive means.  Absence of justification for exercising the power of arrest may lead to challenges should the case proceed to court.  It could also lead to civil claims against police for unlawful arrest and false imprisonment. When the power of arrest is exercised it is essential that it is exercised in a non-discriminatory and proportionate manner which is compatible with the Right to Liberty under Article 5. 

Then the section headed ‘Elements of Arrest under Section 24 PACE’ at paragraph 2.1: 

2.1       A lawful arrest requires two elements: 

A person’s involvement or suspected involvement or attempted involvement in the commission of a criminal offence; 

AND 

Reasonable grounds for believing that the person’s arrest is necessary. 

·         Both elements must be satisfied, and

·         It can never be necessary to arrest a person unless there are reasonable grounds to suspect them of committing an offence. 

2.2       The arrested person must be informed that they have been arrested, even if this fact is obvious, and of the relevant circumstances of the arrest in relation to both the above elements.  The custody officer must be informed of these matters on arrival at the police station…

 Necessity criteria 

2.4       The power of arrest is only exercisable if the constable has reasonable grounds for believing that it is necessary to arrest the person.  The statutory criteria for what may constitute necessity are set out in paragraph 2.9 and it remains an operational decision at the discretion of the constable to decide: 

·                     Which one or more of the necessity criteria (if any) applies to the individual; and

·                     If any of the criteria do apply, whether to arrest, grant street bail after arrest, report for summons or for charging by post, issue a penalty notice or take any other action that is open to the officer…

 2.8       In considering the individual circumstances, the constable must take into account the situation of the victim, the nature of the offence, the circumstances of the suspect and the needs of the investigative process. 

2.9       When it is practicable to tell a person why their arrest is necessary, the constable should outline the facts, information and other circumstances which provide the grounds for believing that their arrest is necessary and which the officer considers satisfy one or more of the statutory criteria in sub-paragraphs (a) to (f), namely: 

(a)    To enable the name of the person in question to be ascertained …. 

(b)   Correspondingly as regards the person’s address …. 

(c)    To prevent the person in question: 

(i)                 Causing physical injury to himself or any other persons…

(ii)               Suffering physical injury ……

(iii)             Causing loss or damage to property ……….

(iv)             Committing an offence against public decency ……..

(v)               Causing an unlawful obstruction of the highway ……… 

(d)   To protect a child or other vulnerable person from the person in question ……. 

(e)    To allow the prompt and effective investigation of the offence or of the conduct of the person in question.

This may arise when it is thought likely that unless the person is arrested and then either taken in custody to the police station or granted ‘street bail’ to attend the station later, further action considered necessary to properly investigate their involvement in the offence would be frustrated, unreasonably delayed or otherwise hindered and therefore be impracticable.  Examples of such actions include:

 (i)                 Interviewing the suspect on occasions when the person’s voluntary attendance is not considered to be a practicable alternative to arrest, because for example: 

·      It is thought unlikely that the person would attend the police station voluntarily to be interviewed.

·      It is necessary to interview the suspect about the outcome of other investigative action for which their arrest is necessary, see (ii) to (v) below

·      Arrest would enable the special warning to be given in accordance with Code C paragraphs 10.10 and 10.11 when the suspect is found:

Ø  In possession of incriminating objects, or at a place where such objects are found;

Ø  At or near the scene of the crime at or about the time it was committed.

·      The person has made false statements and/or presented false evidence;

·      It is thought likely that the person:

Ø  May steal or destroy evidence;

Ø  May collude or make contact with, co-suspects or

Ø  May intimidate or threaten or make contact with, witnesses. 

(ii)               When considering arrest in connection with the investigation of an indictable offence (see Note 6), there is a need: 

·      To enter and search without a search warrant any premises occupied or controlled by the arrested person or where the person was when arrested or immediate before arrest;

·      To prevent the arrested person from having contact with others;

·      To detain the arrested person for more than 24 hours before charge.

 (iii)             When considering arrest in connection with any recordable offence and it is necessary to secure or preserve evidence of that offence by taking fingerprints, footwear impressions or samples from the suspect for evidential comparison or matching with other material relating to that offence, for example, from the crime scene.

 (iv)             When considering arrest in connection with any offence and it is necessary to search, examine or photograph the person to obtain evidence.

 (v)               When considering arrest in connection with an offence to which the statutory Class A drug testing requirements …….. apply, to enable testing when it is thought that drug misuse might have caused or contributed to the offence.

 (f)    To prevent any prosecution for the offence from being hindered by the disappearance of the person in question.

By way of illustration of the importance of considering alternatives to arrest, and how a failure to use a reasonable alternative can render an arrest unlawful, let me set out the facts of a case I have recently settled.

 Jack Godwin was a 75 year old retired gentleman of exemplary character.  He lives in a bungalow in rural Suffolk and had done so for the previous 8 years.

 At the rear of Mr Godwin’s property is an area of land belonging to the District Council in which pine trees grow.

 Throughout the period that Jack had lived at his address, he had experienced difficulties with the trees at the rear of his property, specifically the mass shedding of needles, which collected in and around his garden and caused associated problems such as blockage of drains.  Mr Godwin was of the opinion that the mass shedding was attributable to ivy that was allowed to grow on the trees.

 Jack made a number of complaints spanning several years to the District Council, as regards the problems he was experiencing with the trees, but on each occasion the Council failed to act upon his complaints.

 On or around 1 April 2015, Mr Godwin received an unsolicited visit from a local “odd job man” offering his services.

 Jack agreed to pay for the man to carry out some work at the rear of his address specifically requesting that the male cut and trim the ivy off the Pine Trees.

 Mr Godwin made it extremely clear to the man that no work should go beyond the cutting of the ivy, so as to protect the integrity of the trees.

 Unbeknown to Mr Godwin, the District Council received information as regards the maintenance work on the trees. 

 On or about the 17 May 2015, Jack was visited at home by a PCSO who was making enquiries as to the work on the trees.

 Mr Godwin openly accepted that he had paid for work to be carried out on the trees.

 On the morning of the 10 June 2015, 2 Police Officers attended Mr Godwin’s address and arrested him on suspicion of criminal damage.

 As a result of the arrest, a search under Section 32 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 was carried out and a number of items received/seized including Mr Godwin’s laptop, mobile phones and chainsaw.

 Jack, who was still in his pyjamas, was allowed to change his clothes and was then transported to and detained at Bury St Edmunds Police Station.

 The circumstances of arrest were recorded in the Custody Record as “Detained Person is alleged to have cut some trees down at the rear of his address between 1 April and 8 May 2015, which belong to the District Council”.

 The reason to arrest was said to be “To allow the prompt and effective investigation of the offence or of the conduct of the detained person”.

 The reason for detention was said to be “to obtain evidence by questioning”.

 The grounds for detention were on the basis that there was “insufficient evidence to charge.  Detention necessary to obtain evidence by way of questioning and then to decide on the best means of disposal”.

 Mr Godwin was searched and subjected to a risk assessment and he was then obliged to provide his fingerprints and DNA sample.  Jack was then taken to a cell.  He was aware of a camera on the ceiling of the cell and a slot in the cell door but no window.  Mr Godwin was particularly upset at being treated like a common criminal. The stress exacerbated his asthma which was aggravated further because the Police refused to allow him to have the inhaler in his cell and having to ring the bell when he needed it to use it.

 Mr Godwin was subsequently interviewed under caution, whereupon he denied any responsibility for criminal damage. At the conclusion of the interview, the interviewing officer advised Mr Godwin that the interview was “simply to gain an account from yourself as to what happened”. 

 As a result of an evidential review, a decision that no further action would result was eventually reached and after 8 hours, Mr Godwin was released from custody. 

Following his return home, he found he was initially unable to sleep and spent the majority of his time thinking about his arrest and the injustice of what had happened.

 Mr Godwin carried out a search on the internet and having established my credentials instructed me to pursue an action on his behalf.

 Whilst it appeared to me that the Police might be able to establish that the Officers had a reasonable suspicion that an arrestable offence had been committed, I could not for the life of me understand how they could argue that there was any necessity to arrest, as opposed – for example – simply inviting Mr Godwin to attend a voluntary interview at the police station.

 I intimated a claim. True to form, the Police denied liability leaving my client no alternative but to issue Court proceedings.

 Following issue, the Police filed a Defence, again denying liability.

 Notwithstanding this repeated denial, the Police made an offer to settle.  Following negotiations, I settled Mr Godwin’s claim for £10,500.

 So, my own experience, as demonstrated by this case, is that despite the revision of Code G and the statistical evidence of fewer arrests occurring, there still remains ingrained in Police culture a strong tendency to arrest without consideration of other options.  Therefore, it is imperative that Police Officers be trained (or re-trained) to highlight the law as it stands, and perhaps equally important that when mistakes are made, both individual officers and their Force generally learn from their mistakes.  Hopefully, thanks to both less crime being committed generally and increased compliance with Code G (and hence unnecessary arrest being avoided) we will continue to see arrest figures decline in years to come.

All names changed.

By Iain Gould, solicitor

Over the course of my career I have helped hundreds of  people to bring claims for damages arising out of a situation in which they have been unlawfully deprived of their liberty, whether for minutes, hours or days.  Many of these cases naturally involve abuse or misuse of Police powers – what is colloquially known as a ‘wrongful arrest’ but which is classed in the English Common Law as the tort of False Imprisonment, this being the detention or confinement of a person without lawful excuse.  It does not depend upon a person being handcuffed or locked in a cell (or any other room)  – which are perhaps  the most blatant and obvious forms of imprisonment – but covers any situation in which a person is deprived of their freedom to come and go as they please, with or without the application of physical restraint.  For example, verbal threats or commands which unlawfully stop a person from leaving a place, would amount to false imprisonment.

 So, although many claims for false imprisonment are against Police officers who have improperly used their power of arrest, I have also represented individuals who have suffered deprivation of their liberty in other situations – for example being detained by members of staff in a supermarket on a false accusation of shop lifting or being dragged to the door of a restaurant and thrown out by a security guard, this latter amounting to both an assault and a period of false imprisonment. 

As I have said above, however, it is entirely possible for a person to commit the tort of false imprisonment against you, without actually laying a finger upon you, and that is what happened in a case which I have recently settled on behalf of a young lady from the Merseyside area who was, effectively, kidnapped by her taxi driver. 

Jane Foster (name changed) had been out with a group of friends in Liverpool for a meal/drinks and was making her way home with two of her friends by Hackney Cab. At first the journey was entirely normal.  Janes’ two friends were dropped off first, and then the taxi driver continued towards Janes’ home, where she lived with her boyfriend.  

At this point, watching the taxi meter going up, Jane realised that she was not going to have enough to pay the full fare when they arrived at her house.  Unfortunately, she had forgotten to take into account that because this was a night over the Christmas holiday period, the taxi fare was being charged at a higher rate. 

Realising she was going to be approximately £4/£5 ‘short’ my client therefore used her mobile telephone to call her boyfriend (who was at home) from her seat in the back of the taxi, asking him to get some additional cash so as to meet her when the taxi arrived and pay the driver the shortfall.  She then also told the taxi driver about what her intention was, although he made no reply to that.  

The taxi then arrived in Janes’ road and pulled up a short distance away from her house.  Jane removed her seatbelt and leant forward to pass all the money she had through to the taxi driver in the front of the cab, explaining as she did so that although she was short her boyfriend would be there within a few moments to pay the balance of the fare (for she had called him again on her mobile a second time as they were pulling into the road). The shortfall in the fare, as anticipated by Jane, was around £4. The total fare was around £30, the majority of which Jane immediately paid. 

The taxi driver however, perhaps suspecting – quite wrongly – that Jane was about to jump out of the taxi without paying in full, reacted in a bizarre and aggressive manner, shouting “I have F____ing had enough of this!” and throwing the taxi into gear, accelerated away… 

Jane had prior to this point made no attempt to exit the taxi but had instead sat back in her seat, looking towards her home address and had just seen her boyfriend exit the house and start to proceed towards them, when the taxi driver suddenly pulled off.  

The taxi driver performed a violent u-turn and then accelerated hard along the road away from Janes’ home, much to the shock and horror both of herself and her boyfriend who was witnessing this.  

As a result of the sudden u-turn manoeuvre Jane, no longer wearing her seatbelt, was thrown from her seat and landed on the floor of the taxi, banging her head and shoulder against the partition between the passenger area and the driver’s cab.  

In shock and distress, Jane tried to regain her seat.  However, the driver then swung his taxi to the left following the bend of the road, and then to the right as he pulled out onto another road and she was jolted about on the floor of the taxi and was unable to pull herself back up into her seat. Jane was having to use her hands to support herself in an awkward sitting position on the floor of the taxi and she told me that it now felt like the driver was doing about 60 miles an hour as he raced along the road. 

The taxi driver now announced to Jane that he was taking her to the police station – although she had no idea of knowing whether this was true or not.  She implored the driver numerous times to slow down, but was ignored, and in panic used her mobile to call her boyfriend. 

Her boyfriend answered his mobile and confirmed that he was now in his own car following the taxi.  

Approximately 5 minutes later the taxi driver arrived at the local police station, and it was only as he slowed down on pulling into the car park that Jane was finally able to regain her seat in the back of the taxi.  She was in a state of total shock and watched as her boyfriend’s car also pulled up and her boyfriend got out to confront the taxi driver who had now exited his vehicle. 

Two Police officers then approached my client’s boyfriend and the taxi driver as they were arguing and after quickly ascertaining the brief facts as to what had happened, ordered everybody to sort this out between themselves, as the Police had ‘better things to do’. 

In order to see an end to this very distressing incident as quickly as possible, Janes’ boyfriend then gave money to the taxi driver (more in fact that he was entitled to), assisted Jane out of the taxi and drove her home. 

Falsely Imprisoned by a Taxi Driver 

The taxi driver had negligently inflicted injury upon my client by the manner of his driving, causing her to be thrown from her seat, and thrown about on the floor of the taxi sustaining injury – fortunately her injuries were bruises rather than broken bones, and therefore not too serious, but the driver had also subjected her to a period of False Imprisonment from the moment he sped off from outside her home until she was released from his taxi at the police station.  The biggest effect which this incident had upon Jane was, of course, not physical but emotional. 

Jane was a young woman, on her own, being driven away at speed by a stranger who had locked the doors of his taxi and was, to all intents and purposes, kidnapping her.  His actions were entirely unlawful, and Jane was entirely right to seek legal advice, when she consulted my firm. 

When Jane instructed my firm she did not know that she would be able to bring a claim for false imprisonment and instead thought that she could only claim for the injuries she had sustained by being thrown about in the back of the taxi as a result of the driver’s violent u-turn and speeding.  

One of my colleagues identified, however, that this was far more than just an accident claim arising out of negligent driving, and brought the file to my attention – because as well as compensation for her injuries Jane could also bring a claim for the very deliberate, albeit thankfully short, period of time in which she was held prisoner in the back of the taxi, being driven away to an unknown destination against her will. 

This meant that on top of the basic damages for pain, suffering and loss of amenity which Jane was entitled to in regards to her injuries (which are simply assessed in the same way they would be if those injuries had been sustained in a routine, accidental collision between two vehicles) Jane was also entitled to damages for false imprisonment.  

The governing guidelines when assessing damages in false imprisonment claims were set by the Court of Appeal in the case of Thompson and Hsu v the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1998] QB 498,515 as follows:- 

“In a straight forward case of wrongful arrest and false imprisonment, the starting point is likely to be about £500 for the first hour during which the Plaintiff has been deprived of his or her liberties.  After the first hour, an additional sum is to be awarded, but that sum should be on a reducing scale so as to keep the damages proportionate with those payable and personal injury cases and because the Plaintiff is entitled to have higher rate of compensation for the initial shock of being arrested.  As a guideline, we consider, for example, that a Plaintiff that has been wrongfully kept in custody for 24 hours should for this alone normally be regarded as entitled to an award from about £3,000.  Subsequent days, the daily rate would be on a progressively reducing scale”.  

The above figures must, of course, be updated by inflation, and would therefore now equate to around £940 for the first hour and £5,640 for 24 hours detention.  

This Case Law is applicable to all incidents of false imprisonment and it is not relevant in that regard whether the imprisonment was at the hands of the Police or a ‘rogue’ taxi driver (as in this case).  The ‘sliding scale’ set by the Court of Appeal means that the first hour, and indeed the first few minutes, of any period of false imprisonment are worth more than later minutes/hours on a reducing basis, because it is at the beginning of the false imprisonment that the person experiences the severe shock of the realisation of the deprivation of their liberty.  Even so, Janes’ period of false imprisonment was for only around 5 minutes so the actual value of her false imprisonment claim, taking into account the Court of Appeal guidelines and allowing for inflation, was arguably not more than £200.  

However, there was another very good reason to pursue the false imprisonment claim, despite the fact that on the face of it, it would only increase my client’s award of damages by a couple of hundred pounds. 

The Claim for Aggravated Damages 

Aggravated damages are awarded where there are special features which would result in a person not receiving sufficient compensation, if the award were restricted to basic damages only.  Lord Woolf in the case of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v Thompson and Hsu [1997] 2 All ER 762 CA described aggravating features as follows:- 

“Humiliating circumstances at the time of arrest or any conduct of those responsible in the arrest or the prosecution which shows that they had paid in a high handed, insulting, malicious or oppressive manner either in relation to the arrest or imprisonment or in conducting the prosecution.  Aggravating features can also include the way litigation and trial are conducted”. 

Whilst Lord Woolf was making those comments in the context of a claim for false imprisonment against the police, they of course equally apply to claims for false imprisonment against ‘ordinary’ members of the public, including the taxi driver in this case, whose conduct towards Jane was undoubtedly oppressive, degrading, humiliating and very distressing.  

Aggravated damages cannot be awarded in personal cases which only involve a negligent act or omission (i.e accident claims), but can and frequently are awarded in cases involving deliberate False Imprisonment. 

The Court of Appeal in the case of Thompson and Hsu recommended that if aggravated damages were appropriate the minimum award should be not less than £1,000 (now around £1700 once updated for inflation) whilst the maximum award could be twice as much as basic damages. 

It was therefore undoubtedly in Janes’ interest to pursue a claim for false imprisonment, because although the basic damages awarded for the short period of time for which she was actually imprisoned (around 5 minutes) were likely to be modest, the fact that false imprisonment could be proved then opened the door for her to receive an additional award of aggravated damages, more properly reflecting the seriousness of the Defendant’s wrong doing towards her.  

I have to say that I think a lot of practitioners, who do not have my specialist experience of pursuing claims against the Police, might have sadly overlooked Janes’ entitlement to damages for false imprisonment (and hence aggravated damages) and simply treated this as a mere claim for negligently inflicted injuries only.  

I presented Janes’ claim for both personal injury and false imprisonment to the taxi driver’s solicitors by way of written letter, and then, when they failed to admit liability for any aspect of the claim, commenced County Court proceedings against the taxi driver.  

Although his solicitors quickly filed a very short Defence denying any wrongdoing whatsoever on the part of their client (although failing to advance any explanation at all as to what his justification was in thinking he could drive off with a person imprisoned in the back of his taxi) they quickly started to make offers of settlement to my client.  

The solicitors initial offer to my client on behalf of the taxi driver was £5,000 damages, which I had no hesitation in advising her to reject.  

This might, indeed, have been an appropriate settlement if her claim was confined to the injuries which she sustained only, as her physical aches and pains had lasted for a few months only, but taking into account the claims for false imprisonment and aggravated damages I knew her claim was worth considerably more than that. 

I therefore negotiated further with the taxi driver’s solicitors and within 4 weeks of the initial offer had got the Defendant’s solicitors to increase their offer of settlement first to £7,100, then £9,100 and finally £10,000, which was acceptable to my client. 

By correctly identifying and pursuing the claim for false imprisonment (and hence opening the door to an award of aggravated damages not recoverable in ordinary personal injury claims) we had doubled the amount of compensation achievable by Jane, a very satisfactory result which I hope goes some way to helping her to put this unpleasant incident behind her. 

The taxi driver’s motivations remain, of course, ultimately unknown, although it seems likely that he thought he was entitled to take the law into his own hands when he suspected (albeit without due cause) that my client was trying to ‘short change’ him for the journey he had undertaken.  

However I was able to use my specialist knowledge of claims for false imprisonment to make the law work at its best for my client, and put her in the driving seat.

By Iain Gould, solicitor

Do the Police in England and Wales have a power to ‘detain’ you without formally arresting you?  The answer to this question is not as straight forward one might think.  A lot of members of the public – and apparently some Police Officers themselves – assume that the Police can detain a person without arresting them, perhaps whilst they consider whether to formally arrest them or not.  However, with a few limited exceptions, the police do not in fact have such a power.

This was made clear in the case of Walker v The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2014] EWCA Civ 897 in which a Police Officer had blocked Mr Walker in a doorway, preventing Mr Walker from leaving whilst the Officer sought to question him, but without the Officer intending or purporting to arrest Mr Walker.  The Officer in his statement said “I did not touch the Claimant but I made it very clear to him that he was not free to move”.

When the matter came to Court, the Police accepted that Mr Walker’s initial detention in the doorway was not for the purpose of arrest, but rather for the purpose of pursuing enquiries only. When this matter came before the Court of Appeal, the Court considered an earlier case of Collins v Wilcock in which a Police Officer took hold of a woman’s arm for the purposes of asking her questions, but without any immediate intention to arrest the woman.

The woman resisted the Officer and was initially convicted thereby of assaulting an Officer in the execution of her duty – but the conviction was overturned on appeal when the Court concluded that, unless exercising a power of arrest, a Police Officer has no greater powers than a member of the public does to detain another person, and therefore anything that went above and beyond ordinarily accepted physical contact (eg tapping someone on the shoulder to get their attention) constituted unlawful assault and battery. Hence in Collins v Wilcock because her act was unlawful, the Police Officer who was seeking to detain the woman for questioning was not acting in the execution of her Police duty. It was right then that the woman’s conviction for resisting therefore be overturned.

Robert Goff LJ’s Judgment in Collins –v Wilcock concludes as follows (at 11.78D-H) –

“If a Police Officer restrains a man, for example by gripping his arm or his shoulder, then his action will also be unlawful, unless he is lawfully exercising his power of arrest.  A Police Officer has no power to require a man to answer him…accepting the lawful exercise of his power of arrest, the lawfulness of a Police Officer’s conduct is judged by the same criteria as are applied to the conduct of any ordinary citizen of this Country.”

There are 3 exceptions to the general rule that a Police Officer grabbing hold of a person or impeding their freedom of movement (even without physical contact) to ‘detain’ them without arresting them (and any arrest must of course be in accordance with the provisions of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 which provides that no arrest is lawful unless the person arrested is informed of the ground for the arrest at the time of, or as soon as practicable after, the arrest) is unlawful except in 3 particular situations – firstly, if an Officer is using his statutory power of ‘Stop and Search’, or secondly if the temporary restraint/detention of the person is necessary in order to prevent an imminent breach of the peace –

“Every citizen (whether Policeman or not) in whose presence a breach of the peace is being, or reasonably appears to be about to be committed, has the right to take reasonable steps to make the person who is breaking or threatening to break the peace refrain from doing so; and those steps in appropriate cases will include detaining him against his will short of arresting him; ‘Albert Lavin [1982] AC 546, HL’ Archbold 2014 paragraph 19-429.

The third exceptional situation, is when the Police are conducting a lawful search of premises eg your home, and the question arises whether, and to what extent during the search the Police can lawfully detain you and the other occupants of the house.  I shall come back to this question in more detail below, as it was the key issue in a case which I have recently successfully concluded on behalf of a family detained by the Police but not arrested, during the search of their home.

To recap however, before we deal with the specific situation of search warrants at premises, the law is quite clear that unless an Officer is arresting you, or he has reasonable grounds to carry out a stop/search upon your person (eg for drugs for weapons or stolen goods) or he has reason to believe that you are about to be involved in a breach of the peace (ie that you are actually causing or imminently likely to cause harm to a person or his/property) then the Police have no more right to manhandle you or deprive you of freedom of movement than any other member of the public.

Most cases of such illegal ‘detention’ by Police Officers involve physical contact such as the case of Wood v DPP [2008] EWHC 1056 (Admin) which once again involved an Officer taking hold of a person by the arm in order to question, but not arrest them (even if the questioning was in order for the Officer to form a view as to whether or not the person should be arrested).

Such unlawful physical contact by a Police Officer would constitute assault and battery, even if no injury as such was sustained, whilst an Officer detaining a person without touching them but without the threat of force (actual or implied) or, as in the case of Walker by blocking a person’s route of ‘escape’ from a confined space, then this would amount to false imprisonment, and likewise give rise to a claim for compensation.

False imprisonment is a tort (civil wrong) which can of course be committed in any circumstance where a person is deprived of their liberty and cannot freely go about their business and it therefore applies just as much to a situation where a person is handcuffed in the street, or otherwise held by a Police Officer, or is locked in a police car as it does to actually being placed ‘behind bars’ in a police cell.

The amount of compensation that can be awarded, might, however, be fairly minimal if the detention only amounted to a ‘technical’ false imprisonment for a very short period of time.  This was actually the conclusion reached in the ‘Walker’ case, as Mr Walker’s detention in the doorway only lasted for a matter of seconds, before he then became violent himself and was legitimately arrested.

The damages awarded to Mr Walker by the Court of Appeal was therefore only £5!

As you will see, the case in which I have recently represented a family subject to unlawful detention during a Police search of their home resulted in a much more substantial award of damages, which in my view, for all the reasons set out below was only right and proper.

Detained by Police but not arrested during a house search

My clients, Mr and Mrs Wilson and their son Ryan (who was 15 years old at the time) were at home on the morning of 28 January 2015 when Officers from Wiltshire Constabulary burst into their home, startling my clients who were in bed.   The Officers had come in order to execute a warrant to search the premises (and its occupants) under the Misuse of Drugs Act.  The warrant arose from intelligence that drugs were being dealt from the house.

Several officers immediately went to the bedroom of 15-year-old Ryan, who was in bed, and they then handcuffed J informing him that he was to be detained whilst the search of the premises took place.

Ryan asked the Officers several times whether he was under arrest but his question was ignored.  In fact, at no point did any Officer purport to formally arrest Josh, but that did not stop them handcuffing him and taking him outside to a police van, in which he was then detained for approximately 2 hours whilst the Police searched the house.

Shortly afterwards, Ryan’s father (Mr Wilson) was also removed from the house by the Police and locked in a separate van.  Both vans were parked in a community car park close to the local bus stop. Again, the Officers did not arrest Mr Wilson for any offence, they clearly had no grounds to, but nevertheless, like his son, they kept him imprisoned in a van for 1 ½ hours until he began to ask to be allowed to contact a solicitor for advice as to the legality of his detention.

During his detention Mr Wilson was aware that several of his neighbours and other passersby and bus passengers could see him being detained in the van, which, in his own words made him feel ‘like an animal in a zoo.’

Eventually Mr Wilson and half an hour later his son were released from the vans in which they had been locked, and the Officers departed the premises, having found no drugs or any other illegal material, and no further action was taken against any of the family in connection with this matter.

The Wilson family were understandably aggrieved by what had happened to them.  The family initially sought advice from criminal defence solicitor Paul Cantril of Albin & Co. Paul was of the view that the Police action was unlawful and intimated a claim.  Following investigation Wiltshire Constabulary denied liability suggesting that Mr Wilson and Ryan were disruptive and aggressive towards the attending officers and in order that the warrant could be “executed safely and effectively”, both Mr Wilson and Ryan were “placed” within a police van located outside the property.

The Wilson family disputed that they had been disruptive and aggressive and on that basis, Paul felt the actions of the Officers in detaining Mr Wilson and Ryan were unlawful notwithstanding the denial of liability. Having referred a number of claims to me over the years, he asked if I would take the case on.  On review, I agreed that the Wilson family had a case and agreed to act.

It soon became apparent that the Police had arrived at the Wilson’ property on the day in question with the intention of immediately removing Mr Wilson and Ryan from the property ‘in order to prevent them from interfering with the search unless they demonstrated a willingness to cooperate.’  There was however no evidence that Mr Wilson or his son had in any way actively sought to frustrate or interfere with the search and the allegation that Mr Wilson and Ryan had been ‘aggressive and disruptive’ were dropped.  If they had been disruptive, then the Police could lawfully have arrested my clients for obstructing the Police in the execution of their duty.  As I say however, there was no evidence that any obstruction had occurred, the Police did not attempt to justify the detention of Mr Wilson and his son by reference to a lawful arrest, instead they took what appeared to be an entirely pre-emptive action to lock the two of them in confined spaces in the back of police vans in a public road for a period of around two hours.

I was of the view that this action was draconian, unnecessary and an illegal act on the part of the Police.

So the question arises, do Police Officers executing a search warrant at premises have a power to detain some or all of the occupants of the premises whilst the search is carried out, if those occupants are not doing anything which would otherwise amount to reasonable suspicion of a criminal offence, and thereby justify a lawful arrest?  To what extent are Police Officers who behave in the way that they did towards the Wilson family behaving outside the bounds of the law, and subjecting people such as the Wilson to false imprisonment?

There is extensive case law in regards to this issue.

Sedley LJ in the case of Thames Valley Police v Hepburn [2002] EWCA Civ 1841 gave Judgment as follows (para 14):-

“If a person obstructs a Police Officer in the execution of his or her duty an offence is committed and a power of arrest arises.  That, and not an implied power to detain or manhandle people who are doing nothing wrong, is how the law protects Officers executing a search warrant from interference.” 

 Whilst I wholeheartedly endorse that statement of the law, the Court have in other circumstances put a different interpretation on the powers of the Police whilst carrying out search warrants which might seem to justify limited acts of ‘detention without arrest’ during a search.

The apparently clear-cut definition given by the Court of Appeal in the case of Hepburn was however somewhat ‘diluted’ by a later Judgment (albeit from the High Court, which is a lower tribunal than the Court of Appeal) in the case of DPP v Meaden [2003] EWHC 3005 (Admin) [2004] 1 WLR 945 at paragraph 29 of the Judgment Rose LJ stated as follows:-

“The crucial distinction between Hepburn’s case and the present case … is that the search warrant in that case was limited to the premises, whereas here the warrant applied to both the premises and to any persons found there”.

 The Judge further went on to state, at paragraph 32:-

“Here the warrant authorised a search of premises and persons for controlled drugs … it could not be effective, particularly in premises on 2 floors, presently occupied by a number of people, if the occupiers were permitted to move about freely within the premises while the searches were going on.  Although I accept that it is for the Police to show, and the burden upon them is a heavy one, that the use of force was necessary and reasonable, it seems to me to be entirely reasonable that Officers should seek, by no more force than is necessary, to restrict the movement of those in occupation of the premises while those premises are being searched.”

I therefore anticipated, that in response to the claim of my clients (the Wilson family), the Police might well seek to rely upon the Judgment in the case of Meaden, and although that was a decision by a lower Court than the Court of Appeal Judgment in Hepburn there was also an earlier decision of the House of Lords (therefore outranking the Court of Appeal decision) which I knew the Defendant could rely upon.  This was the case of Murray v Ministry of Defence [1988] 1 WLR 692.

In the case of Murray Army Personnel entered a house in Northern Ireland in order to search for a terrorist suspect.

The Soldiers conducting the search directed all the occupants of the house to assemble in one room until the person who they had come to arrest was identified and could then be formally arrested and removed from the house.

In his Judgment at page 700B Lord Griffiths states as follows:-

“That very short period of restraint when they were asked to assemble in the living room was a proper and necessary part of the procedure for affecting the peaceable arrest for the Plaintiff.  It was a temporary restraint of very short duration imposed not only for the benefit of those affecting the arrest but also for the protection of the occupants of the house and would be wholly insufficient to found an action for unlawful imprisonment.”

 This implied power of Officers, whether of the Army or the Police to temporarily restrict the liberty of the occupants of the premises where a search is being conducted was also endorsed by the Court of Appeal in the case of Connor and Others v Chief Constable of Merseyside Police [2006] EWCA Civ 1549.

This case involved a search of premises by the Police for firearms believed to have been involved in ‘gangland incidents’.  During the search the adult male occupant of the house, Mr Connor, was handcuffed and detained in a police car for less than an hour before then being brought back into the house to accompany a specialist firearms search team as they carried out their search.

Mr Connor brought a claim for false imprisonment against Merseyside Police in relation to his period of detention in the police car, which was dismissed by The Court of Appeal.

The Judgment of Lady Justice Hallett (at paragraph 72) was as follows:-

“He was detained in a warm police car and only for so long as was necessary to conclude the first part of the search …  His period of restraint may not have been as short as it was in the case of Murray but it was a restraint of relatively short duration … imposed not only for the benefit of those affecting the search, but also for the protection of those in and about the house.  In my view, it is simply unarguable that on the facts of this case his detention was unnecessary and disproportionate.”

 On the basis of the decisions in Murray and Connor it does appear unarguable that the Police have got a power, when executing a search warrant, to temporarily restrict the movement of people in the premises being searched without necessarily having any grounds or requirement to formally arrest them.

However it is equally clear from the careful wording which each of the Judges have used in those cases, that this power is not a ‘cart blanche’ to allow the Police to do whatever they want with the occupants of the premises.  It is clear that any detention imposed whether by handcuffing, locking a person in a police vehicle, or even restricting their movement to one room of the house, must be reasonable and proportionate and must go on no longer than is absolutely necessary for the police to safely and efficiently carry out the search.

It will be noted that both the cases of Murray and Connor not only involved far more serious circumstances – one was a search for a terrorist suspect, the other was a search for firearms connected with gangland incidents, and both searches carried a real risk that the people involved might be injured, or even killed, in an armed confrontation, whereas the search of the Wilson family property was in connection with suspicion of low-level distribution of drugs and the Police had no reason whatsoever to believe that Mr Wilson or any other member of his family were terrorists or gangsters, or in any other way armed and dangerous.   Furthermore, the detention in both of the far more serious cases was significantly shorter than that of the case of my clients.

In Murray the detention was only for a matter of minutes, whereas in Connor, even in the circumstances of it being a firearms search, the detention was for less than an hour.

In my client’s case however, both Mr Wilson and his teenage son were detained for over twice as long as the suspected gangster Mr Connor was.

I therefore had every reason to advise my clients that their detention was almost certainly unlawful on the grounds of it being unnecessary, and even if it was necessary, prolonged to a duration which was completely unreasonable.

There was also no need for the detention to have been carried out in the confined space of police vans parked on the public highway.  I see no reason why the Wilson family couldn’t simply have been asked to assemble in one room and kept there under supervision while the rest of the house was searched.  I agreed with the opinion of Mr Wilson, which that the Police had chosen to publicly humiliate him and his son by treating them in the manner that they had.  There was no reason at all why the search could not have been safely and efficiently carried out with the Wilson family being allowed to remain in the privacy and comfort of one room of their house whilst it was conducted.

As is so often the case, the Police initially disputed my client’s claims and filed a Defence alleging that they had correctly exercised their power to detain Mr Wilson and Ryan.  Notwithstanding their denial, I believe that the Police knew full well that the Offices involved had gone too far in imposing such a draconian detention, and indeed shortly prior to trial the Police backed down and agreed to pay my clients damages of £7,250 plus legal costs.

In my opinion this was the right outcome, and it is entirely right that the Court protects the liberties of individuals not to be detained by the Police without arrest save in special circumstances and carefully regulates the conduct of the Police in those special circumstances to ensure that the power of detention accompanying a search warrant is not abused or exploited by the Police.

Of course, I agree that it is entirely sensible that the Police should have powers to restrict people’s movements during a search, or to briefly detain them in ‘common sense’ situations where otherwise the search cannot be carried out in an orderly manner, or particularly if the safety of people involved is at risk, especially when the search is for firearms or particularly dangerous suspects.

In the case of the Wilson family however none of those special criteria applied – the detention was not a brief one, it was not based on any actual disruption to the search on the part of Mr Wilson or his son (only a suspicion by the Police that they might be disruptive) and the search was for illegal drugs, not firearms with the Police having no reason to suspect violence would be offered to them by the occupants of the house.

I feel that it is important that cases such as those of the Wilson family should be pursued through the Civil Courts as an essential part of the checks and balances which maintain our civil liberties.  If claims as such as those of the Wilson family were not brought then I believe it is likely we would see the Police incrementally extending their use of detention without arrest powers and subjecting more people to unlawful detention in circumstances which do not have to be justified by the strict criteria which are quite rightly applied to formal arrests.  The policing of Police powers through the Civil Justice System is essential to the functioning of a free and healthy democratic society, and I am proud to play my part in that.

All names changed.

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By Iain Gould, solicitor

Some people would have you believe claimants involved in civil actions against the police are only interested in financial compensation. As this blog post shows, they’re not.

Recent news reported the enactment of the Policing and Crime Bill under which approximately 49,000 gay and bisexual men found guilty of decades old sexual offences in England and Wales have been posthumously pardoned.  In addition, the new law will allow approximately 15,000 living men who were found guilty of sex acts that are no longer illegal to apply to the Home Office for a pardon.

The offence of gross indecency was created by Section 13 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 at a time of intolerance to the practice of homosexuality between men. The offence of indecency between men (colloquially known as “gross indecency”) was referred to, together with the offence of buggery, as  “an unnatural offence”.   Society did not recognise or approve of the practice of homosexuality between men until the Sexual Offences Act 1967, subject to limitations.  However, the legal recognition did not correspond, entirely, to attitudes.  Since 1956, there has been an evolution in the attitude towards homosexuality between men, it being noteworthy that there  was never  any corresponding offence of homosexuality between women.  Effectively, a gender distinction existed until the introduction of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, whereby the concept of “indecency between men” was finally abolished.

This development reminds me of a case in which I was involved in a short time ago. My client was the victim of serious Police Misconduct and pursued a complaint (that was not upheld) and a subsequent civil claim (for which he secured substantial damages and an apology). In line with the complaint findings, and following receipt of a formal letter of claim, the offending police force denied liability.  In the circumstances, it was necessary to issue Court proceedings.

My client considered himself a man of good character and I described him as such in the Statement of Claim. In response to the claim, the police force filed a Defence in which they  denied that my client was a man of good character on the basis that in July 2002, received an adult caution for an offence of “gross indecency” (a consenting homosexual act with another man aged between 18 – 21).

Indeed, my client accepted that he had received a caution in 2002 for Gross Indecency, a year before the final abolition of that offence.  In truth, he (like many) believed the caution to be spent and “scrubbed” from the records.  He was outraged that reference had been made to the caution which was clearly done to blacken his name and intended to scandalise.

I prioritised  my client’s ongoing claim.  Following settlement (my client received substantial damages and a formal letter of apology) I sought to have removed from both local and national police records, details of the index arrest but also of the caution for Gross Indecency.  The deletion of records pertaining to the index arrest was straightforward.  Deletion of the caution for Gross Indecency  was not. My client had been arrested by British Transport Police but processed by another force. Following enquiries with this other force, I lodged an application for deletion with British Transport Police.

The grounds on which the application was based were not only that the caution was for an offence that had since been abolished, but also  because of  a failure to adhere to Guidance on the issuing of cautions.

The Guidance for the administration of a simple caution provides that the following criteria must be satisfied:

1. The offender has made an admission of guilt.
2. The offender understands the implications of accepting a caution.
3. The offender consents to accept the caution.

For the purposes of clarification, the Guidance provides that an admission is “A clear and reliable admission to committing the offence or offences for which the simple caution is being given”.

As the Guidance makes clear, “Accepting a simple caution has potentially significant implications for an offender all of which must be explained to the offender before he or she is invited to accept it and the simple caution is administered”.

Specifically, the implications include:

1. A simple caution is an admission of guilt to committing an offence and forms part of an offender’s criminal record.

2. The simple caution forms part of an offender’s criminal record and a record will be retained by the Police for future use.  It may also be disclosed in Court in any future proceedings.

3. A simple caution may be disclosed to a current or prospective employer in certain circumstances.

4. All information relating to simple cautions is retained on the Police National Computer (PNC).

Finally, the Guidance recognises that before the administration of a simple caution, a Police Officer should ensure that the offender has had the opportunity to receive free and legal independent legal advice in relation to the alleged offence.

On behalf of my client, I submitted the following;

1. He did not, at any time, make any admission of guilt which would amount to “a clear and reliable admission to committing the offence”.  Specifically, he disputed that the relevant conduct was such as to amount to an act of “gross indecency”, accordingly, on that basis alone my client was not eligible to be offered a simple adult caution.

2. The full implications of accepting a Police caution were not explained to him.  Specifically, my client was advised that a caution represented a “slap on the wrist”. Further and more worryingly, my client was told that the caution would last for “between 5-10 years”, which is clearly wrong, when the period is indefinite.  The Guidance, by recognising that a simple caution has “potentially significant implications for an offender” repudiates the suggestion that a caution can ever be regarded as a “slap on the wrist”.  Moreover, my client was not advised that the caution would form part of his criminal record, that it would be retained by the Police for future use, that it may be disclosed in any future Court proceedings, that it may form part of a disclosure to a current or prospective employer or that it would be retained on the Police National Computer.  The failure to advise my client in these terms was a derogation from the accepted practice and misled my  client into believing that it would be no more than a “slap on the wrist”.

3. He was not at any stage given the option, at any time of receiving any legal advice.

After numerous reminders, my client finally received confirmation that his caution was deleted 12 months after submitting the application.  My client was delighted; “Words can’t express how thankful I am to hear you had the caution successfully removed for me.  I can now continue my life without the thought of it hanging over me”.

My job goes beyond winning compensation in the case I am instructed to pursue.  Vindication, an apology, and removal of erroneous data from the Police database are of significant importance to my clients.  In this case I was proud to be able to help remove the stain on my client’s name and good character caused by an improperly administered caution based on an ‘offence’ of sexual relations between consenting adults which we as a society have thankfully recognised is no crime at all.

This is a guest post by my colleague and fellow solicitor, John Hagan.

Further to my recent post about the importance of appointing a specialist Actions Against the Police lawyer to represent you in a claim where you believe you are the victim of Police misconduct I will now discuss the other recent case which I settled against West Midlands Police on behalf of my client Alex Newham, who received a compensation award of £15,000.

Alex, a young man of exemplary character, was cycling to his local Tesco in March 2012 when he was stopped by a lone West Midlands Police Officer (PC Y) who directed him to stop using his patrol car’s blue lights. Mr Newham, who had been cycling entirely properly along the road, duly pulled his bike over to the side of the road and waited whilst the Officer pulled up alongside him. Alex’s account of what then happened is as follows: He asked the Officer if he had done anything wrong.

PC Y stated No, there had been a lot of car crimes in the area and that he wanted Alex’s name and address. As stated above, Mr Newham is a man of good character who has no criminal record. He did not feel he had done anything untoward to warrant the Officer’s suspicion, had simply been cycling along a public road and did not wish to be processed through a computer when he had done nothing wrong. Alex therefore, quite correctly, exercised his right not to give the Officer his name and address.

Police Officers do not have the authority to require members of the public to provide their name and address if they are simply being subjected to a stop/search and have done nothing else to warrant suspicion of a crime. PC Y appeared to become tense and agitated at Alex’s refusal to give his personal details and exited his car and came towards Mr Newham. Alex felt intimidated by the Officer’s demeanour and behaviour but told PC Y “You can search me if you wish, I have nothing to hide.” At this point Alex was standing less than a yard from the kerb, in the carriageway, with his bicycle between his legs and he voluntarily handed his bag to PC Y so that the officer could search it. PC Y dropped Mr Newham’s bag as soon as it was handed to him and then produced handcuffs. Alex was understandably shocked at this serious and unjustified development. PC Y – who even on his own account of events had no justification whatsoever to arrest Alex -stated that he was going to handcuff Mr Newham for the purposes of carrying out the search. As Alex had not been physically resisting the Officer and had actually offered himself to be searched, there was, in my opinion, absolutely no justification for him to be handcuffed and both Mr Newham and I agree that this appears to have been a deliberate attempt by the Officer to intimidate Alex and to make him feel ‘powerless’ in an attempt to get him to answer the Officer’s question as to his name and address which he was not in fact obliged by law to do.

Matters now began to escalate quickly out of hand. Alex describes how PC Y, threw the handcuff onto Mr Newham’s right wrist and then tugged very hard on the chain, twice backwards, pulling Alex off his bicycle, causing the bike to fall to the ground.

Mr Newham described how the handcuffs were tightly pressing around his wrist and that PC Y then used the handcuff chain as if it were a ‘leash’ to pull Alex violently from side to side, repeatedly. Mr Newham was in utter shock at the Officer’s violent behaviour. As a result Alex experienced significant pain and to his wrist and hand.

PC Y, then took Mr Newham in a body lock and threatened to use a CS gas spray against him ¨Do you want me to spray you?¨Alex stated “I do not know what you want me to do!”; and with that PC Y picked him off his feet and then threw him hard to the ground. Mr Newham landed on his knees and fell forward bumping his forehead on the road surface. Alex then felt PC Y lifting his right arm up behind his body and felt the handcuff being pressed very hard into his already injured right wrist, which caused him to cry out in pain. Alex felt PC Y applying increased pressure to the handcuff which was digging into his right wrist. PC Y repeated a process of applying, releasing and then re-applying the pressure on Mr Newham’s wrist approximately 6 or 7 times, each time causing Alex to cry out with pain. The whole time no commands were given by the Officer other than to ¨Shut up!” as Mr Newham cried out.

PC Y then finally handcuffed both of Alex’s hands together behind his back and pulled him up onto his knees. Mr Newham felt considerable pain in his left knee as his tibia had been fractured from when PC Y originally threw him to the ground.

PC Y then stood Alex up on his feet and demanded of him “Now you have to give me your name and address.” Mr Newham who was fearful of being assaulted again and was desperate for the excruciatingly tight handcuffs to be removed, did so.

It appears to me that PC Y had lost control in a moment of madness and had launched into a vicious assault against an innocent man who had committed no crime whatsoever and who had not even attempted to argue with the Officer, save for exercising his lawful right to withhold his name and address.

Needless to say PC Y’s subsequent search of Alex’s bag revealed nothing incriminating. However Mr Newham had to remain standing in the road, still handcuffed for a further 20 minutes.

More Police Officers soon arrived and a discussion took place during which PC Y asserted that he had lost the key to the handcuffs. After repeated polite pleading for the cuffs to be removed, eventually, a key was produced, he was then released, given a plaster for the wrist bleeding and told that he could go on his way from the scene.

At the end of the incident, Alex stated to all the officers ¨I want to make a complaint¨. They Refused to take down any notes and even refused Alex a biro so that he could make notes of the car plates and collar numbers.

PC Y issued Mr Newham with a stop/search form pursuant to Section 1 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). It stated on the Stop Form – Suspicious male in high crime area, evasive towards Officer.

Legal action

Understandably suffering from both the physical and psychological after effects of this shocking incident Alex instructed a firm of Solicitors, who purportedly specialise in claims against the police. Mr Newham noticed this company at the top of a google search because it paid for an advertising slot.

On 30th July 2012 the Solicitors agreed to act on behalf of Alex in relation to his claim against the Police on a no win, no fee basis without any enquiry as regards his eligibility for legal aid. They also took out a legal expense insurance policy on his behalf to protect Mr Newham from having to pay Police legal costs if his case was lost at Court. Unfortunately, I think that Alex made the wrong choice of Solicitor, as although his Solicitors held themselves out as Actions Against the Police specialists their subsequent conduct of his claim shows that they did not have the requisite knowledge to deal confidently with a claim against the Police and nor to correctly assess the merits of Mr Newham’s case.

Alex, advised by his Solicitors, filed a complaint with West Midlands Police against PC Y.

Regular readers of this blog won’t be surprised to read that the complaint investigation report by West Midlands Police exonerated their Officer and made no findings of wrongdoing against PC Y whatsoever. However, as I have said before, this is neither a legal nor really a practical barrier to making a civil claim for compensation in the County Court. Very often, in my experience, the Police Internal Complaint investigator will give the benefit of the doubt to his uniformed colleague rather than the victim/complainant and will look for reasons to dismiss the complaint rather than impartially and objectively assess all of the evidence.

I am therefore not perturbed by the conclusions of complaint investigation reports, which often appear to me to be half baked, lightweight and lacking in thoroughness compared with the proper, forensic examination and objective weighing up of the evidence which will take place before a Judge and Jury at the Court.

I see the complaint procedure primarily as a means for my client to give initial vent to his feelings of hurt and frustration at what the Police have done to him, and also as a means by which accounts of Police Officers can be obtained, but I am not ‘scared off’ if a complaint report ultimately comes back and concludes that the Police did nothing wrong.
In my opinion, the rejection of a complaint usually does not mean that the Officer involved did not do anything wrong; it just means his case was being assessed by a fellow Police Officer. I can understand why, in the stressful field in which they operate, the Police often do develop a mentality of ‘us versus them’, each force considering itself as a gang with an internal code of honour to protect its own members – and I am not the first to use that comparison, in 2012 Chief Inspector Ian Kibblewhite of the Met gave this warning –

You might have 100 people in your gang – we have 32,000 people in our gang. It’s called The Metropolitan Police.

But that does not make it right. The Police complaints system is really a much wider subject for another day. Suffice it to say here that I have the requisite experience to take a Police force’s rejection of my client’s complaint with far more than a pinch of salt. Other lawyers who are not Police claim specialists however, may place far too much weight on the conclusions reached by such a report.

So what action did Alex’s first Solicitor take on behalf of him?

Initially and correctly they sent a letter of claim to the Chief Constable of West Midlands Police in October 2012, 3 months after Alex initially contacted them, setting out the basis of Mr Newham’s claim although they only appeared to be seeking damages for the assault and injuries which Alex had suffered, overlooking the fact that he also had entitlement to damages for false imprisonment for the 20-25 minutes during which he was handcuffed and deprived of his liberty by PC Y.

Thereafter, in accordance with the pre action protocol which is designed to attempt to resolve claims without the need for Court proceedings, the Police should have provided a detailed response to the letter of claim confirming whether or not they admitted liability, what their version of events was if liability was denied, and providing disclosure of relevant documentation, within a reasonable amount of time, usually between 1- 3 months.

The Police did provide a short reply to the Solicitors in February 2013 which indicated that their enquiries would shortly conclude. Rather than pressing West Midlands Police to comply with their obligation to confirm or deny liability and to provide full disclosure, Alex’s Solicitors then allowed themselves to be side tracked into encouraging Mr Newham to pursue a disciplinary complaint against PC Y, at the suggestion of West Midlands Police Professional Standards Department. Thereafter there was little or no progress on the file, with the Solicitors failing to actively pursue the Police for the necessary response to the claim for damages.

Alex was concerned by how long the complaint process took – he was not interviewed until 18 months after the event, during which the time the officer who assaulted him continued on active duties. Mr Newham also felt let down by his solicitors, who had initially agreed to be present at his complaint interview, but ultimately did not attend, leaving Mr Newham and his aged parents to deal with the investigating officer.

Alex felt that at the interview the investigating officer was not being even-handed but was biased against him, and was already trying to make excuses for PC Y’s behaviour including the ‘lost handcuff key’ incident.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the Complaint Investigation Report was published in January 2014, concluding that there had been no wrongdoing on behalf of PC Y.
This appears to have unduly demoralised Alex’s Solicitors whose lack of experience of dealing with Actions Against the Police claims was then, in my opinion, demonstrated by the fact that the Legal Executive who had conduct of the claim felt it necessary to seek an advice from a Barrister as to whether or not the complaint outcome should be appealed to the Independent Police Complaints Commission. In my opinion, a properly experienced claims against the Police specialist Solicitor should not require guidance from a Barrister on a straightforward point such as this.

In January 2015 – with the 3 year limitation date for commencement of County Court proceedings now looming (the third anniversary of the incident was 17th March 2015), Alex’s solicitors now again turned to a Barrister, to ask them what to do.
The Barrister expressed a view, it appears primarily on the basis that this was “a case of one word against another”,that there were insufficient prospects of success to justify taking Alex’s case to Court. I subsequently read the Barrister’s advice and felt that the Barrister gave far too much credence to the Police Officer’s (uncorroborated) account of events, jumped to conclusions about Mr Newham’s credibility without having taken the time to actually speak to Alex in person (which is absolutely critical for assessing how likely a person’s account is to be believed) and placing too much weight on an entry in Mr Newham’s medical records far back in 2007 which related to him expressing strong views about vegetarianism and environmentalism(!).

It appeared to me that in plucking one single entry out of Alex’s medical history, simply because it related to him being assertive about his moral beliefs to an NHS worker, when there was no evidence available to suggest that he had any kind of unduly aggressive personality, or was of anything other than good character, the Barrister was actively looking for a reason to reject the case.

Mr Newham´s solicitor also stated that the barrister was “..an extremely experienced barrister¨ and that his opinion was of the highest level. Alex assumed by this statement that the barrister surely should be someone with experience of at least 20 years. However, Alex researched the barrister and found he was actually a young man who had recently come out of university.

Inevitably, Mr Newham’s Solicitors, who appeared in their conduct of this case to rely entirely on the opinion of external Barristers rather than forming their own view, then decided to ‘sack’ Alex’s case. Accordingly Mr Newham’s Solicitors then wrote to Alex on 4th March 2015 – less than 2 weeks prior to the expiry of the 3 year limitation period for commencing Court proceedings– stating that because of the Barrister’s advice they were no longer able to continue acting for him on a no win, no fee basis.

His Solicitors did at least take the action of issuing a Claim Form on behalf of Alex which in effect registered his claim against West Midlands Police with the County Court and gave him a further 4 months in which to find and instruct specialist lawyers who were willing to take on his case and prepare all the Court documents necessary to accompany it including the Particulars of Claim, medical evidence and any schedule of financial expenses.
Mr Newham was so deeply disappointed by the prevarication and apparent lack of belief in his case demonstrated by his first solicitors, who he felt had not properly listened to him, nor fully investigated his case, that he lodged a complaint against them with the SRA.

Alex had really been left high and dry and feeling absolutely worn out and demoralised by the litigation process in a situation where many people would struggle to find another Solicitor.

For obvious reasons Solicitors are not keen to take on cases where the limitation period is about to expire, or indeed already has expired, and the clock is ticking to serve Court proceedings, especially where other Solicitors and Barrister have already rated the client’s chances of success as poor.

Fortunately, Alex came to my firm and after an initial discussion with him and review of his former Solicitor’s file of papers we quickly identified that his claim did have merit, and agreed to act for him. We were also able, unlike his former solicitors, to obtain Legal Aid to fund his claim against the police.

Mr Newham came across to me as a very honest individual and there was clear evidence in the form of medical records and photographs of the seriousness of the injuries he had suffered to his wrist and his knee, which to me was simply not justifiable in the circumstances of a straightforward stop and search.

We subsequently served the Court proceedings along with full medical evidence and began to prepare the case for trial. We brought the County Court claim not only for damages for assault but also for false imprisonment, which, as I stated above, his first Solicitors overlooked as a course of action. False imprisonment arises from any complete deprivation of an individual’s liberty no matter how long it actually lasts for nor where it takes place. An inexperienced Solicitor (or as here a legal executive) might well imagine that false imprisonment can only occur if an individual is formally arrested and transported to the Police Station.

However this incident in which Alex was handcuffed in the street for 25 minutes just as much constitutes false imprisonment as if he had been locked behind a cell door for that period of time. It was remiss of his former Solicitors to have overlooked this. The grounds for Mr Newham’s claim in false imprisonment and assault were as follows –

• The stop and search of Alex amounted to a complete deprivation of his liberty and therefore to imprisonment.
• The said imprisonment lacked lawful authority because it was imposed upon Mr Newham in the absence of reasonable grounds for suspecting that he was in the possession of stolen or prohibited items.
• No authority other than Section 1 of PACE 1984 was asserted by the Police Officer as justification for the stop and search. No other lawful authority existed.
• PC Y did not honestly and/or reasonably suspect that Alex was in possession of stolen or prohibited items.
• Alternatively, even if a power of search existed, the use of handcuffs upon Mr Newham was unjustified, irrational and unlawful and PC Y failed to properly exercise any discretion as to whether Alex should be handcuffed.
• Furthermore PC Y did not comply with the provisions of PACE by informing Alex of the grounds of the search as soon as practicable, nor identifying himself to Mr Newham by name, rank or station.
• The force used in taking hold of and/or handcuffing Alex constituted assault and was unlawful on constituted trespass to Mr Newham’s person either in every respect or as involving the use of excessive and unreasonable force.

Furthermore, in addition to the claims for assault and injury I brought on Alex’s behalf a claim for an award of aggravated damages on the following basis –

• The conduct of PC Y was a gross affront to Mr Newham’s personal dignity and integrity.
• Alex was subjected to gratuitous, unprovoked and violent force by PC Y which amounted to arbitrary, high handed, intimidating and oppressive conduct.
• PC Y ignored or refused Mr Newham’s repeated pleas to loosen his handcuffs.
• The conduct of PC Y was vexatious and deliberate and amounted to an abuse of the power of stop and search.
• The conduct occurred in a public place.
• PC Y applied excessive force upon Alex in order to compel him to provide details (his name and address) which he was legally entitled to withhold during a search.

The Claim Form which had been issued by his previous Solicitors on behalf of Alex had stated that he was bringing a claim for personal injury and financial loss “as a result of negligence and/or breach of statutory duty” on the part of the Police. Legally, this was incorrect. The claim was for the tort of deliberate or reckless assault (not negligence) and neither the commission of assault nor false imprisonment (which in any event had been overlooked by his former Solicitors) amounted to a breach of statutory duty. Both of those civil offences are torts (civil wrongs) under the common law, they are not statutory offences.

Furthermore, as well as overlooking the entitlement to claim damages for false imprisonment, and confusing a claim for injuries inflicted by assault with a claim for negligently inflicted injuries, his former Solicitors had failed to state on the Claim Form that aggravated and exemplary damages would be sought which again suggests to me that they simply did not fully understand the law in this area and/or lacked the necessary experience to properly interpret it in that they had wrongly advised Alex as to his prospects of success and they had failed to properly utilise all legal mechanisms by which the fair and just amount of compensation could be won.

I am pleased to report that after initially fighting the Court proceedings, West Midlands Police, backed down before it was necessary to go to trial and agreed to pay Mr Newham £15,000 damages in compensation plus his legal costs.

This was a fair and just outcome for Alex, and I believe that had he instructed me on day one matters would have been resolved much quicker than they were.

However he had been misled by his previous Solicitors publicity material into believing that they had the requisite experience to properly handle a complex claim against the Police such as this. I will leave the final words in regards this matter to Mr Newham himself who sent me this kind message when the case was concluded –

I feel very lucky to have found you when I did. I was literally almost out of time in 2015 …. Finally some genuine decent help after 3 years of struggle.
Thank you very much. There was definitely some luck in our meeting but also a lot of great work, skill and patience by yourself for the win.

My client’s name has been changed.

By Iain Gould, solicitor

I was pleased to have the opportunity to discuss on BBC Television last week an issue which I think we should all be paying ever greater attention to, namely the increasing ‘armament’ of our Police Force.  My colleague John Hagan also had an opportunity to debate this issue with BBC 3 County’s morning talk show host Jonathan Vernon Smith last month, and I have attached an audio file of John’s interview on the JVS show below:

What I believe I am seeing is an agenda by Police Forces which, if they have their way, will likely result in the full armament of our Nation’s Police Officers not only with taser guns, but perhaps even more deadly firearms raising the spectre that Police Forces in England & Wales could soon resemble the US Police in the routine usage of deadly firearms.

I have long warned about the dangers of creeping ‘militarisation’ of the Police as by steady increments we move from a Police Force which 20 years ago was virtually gun free to one in which potentially every Bobby on the Beat might be packing ‘heat’ (as they say…).  This began with the introduction of taser guns back in 2003 and then the steady ‘roll out’ of tasers to more and more Officers, until we stand on the verge of entire Police Forces looking to equip their Constables with tasers as a matter of standard kit.  Once we have Police Forces where all of the Officers are carrying taser guns, it will no longer seem such a dramatic step to move towards increased, and then eventually perhaps universal armament of Officers with bullet firing guns capable of delivering the kind of deadly force which, in the US in 2015 saw 1146 people killed by Police Officers (figures from The Guardian).

This was exactly the issue which I was called onto BBC Humberside to discuss – because Humberside Police Federation is even as I write this pushing to arm all of its Officers with taser guns.  Likewise there is currently a survey being conducted by The Metropolitan Police Federation, which is asking all of its members if they wish to carry tasers and/or bullet firing guns.   Although the Met Police Fed has tried to present its survey as a ‘neutral’ fact finding enquiry, I fully believe that the Federation’s agenda is to get a strong ‘yes’ vote from its members in order to assist its efforts in lobbying the Home Office to arm the Metropolitan Police.  An Ipsos Mori poll in December, suggesting that 71% of the public back more police getting taser guns, was seized upon by Steve White, Chairman of the Police Federation who said “We know Officers support the use of taser … and now we have the evidence that shows the public do as well”.

The Police Federation has already written to all Chief Constables and Police Commissioners across England and Wales urging them to support the wider roll out of tasers.

Whilst I do not object to Police carrying taser guns in principle, as I fully accept that there are situations where taser use is appropriate and can significantly reduce the risk of harm to both Police Officers and civilians caught in a violent situation – the fact is that increased taser ‘roll out’ must go hand in hand with a careful training program and a recognition that not every Officer may be temperamentally suited to carry this weapon.  A fast ‘blanket’ roll out of taser guns that does not go hand in hand with proper training and screening of the Officers that are going to carry these weapons runs a significant risk, in my opinion, of creating a situation of more harm than good, given the potential for these weapons to be misused.

A second significant issue for me, as I have expressed above, is that if we do move to a situation where whole Police Forces are carrying tasers, then we have not created so much a ‘back door’ as a wide open front door for the next ‘logical’ policy step being full armament with bullet firing guns.

One thing that concerns me about the results of the survey carried out in December 2016, indicating 71% support amongst the public for more taser wielding Police Officers is that the public does not necessarily have the full information to properly judge the risk of this weapon.  We must not romanticise, or even fetishize  the taser as if it were some kind of 100% reliable, 100% safe science fiction ‘stun gun’.  It is a weapon which delivers a massive surge of electrical volts to a person’s body, running in every case a risk of fatality, and causing at the very least a temporary paralysis and burst of extreme pain to the person subjected to it.

Whilst the public is aware of the – fortunately small number – of fatalities which have occurred when taser guns have been deployed on people, one of the most notable recent occasions being the death of former Aston Villa footballer Dalian Atkinson in August last year, what the public is not generally aware of, but I am as a Solicitor who handles Police Misconduct claims, are the lower level – but much more frequent – incidences of taser misuse, which whilst not resulting in fatalities, can nevertheless cause significant long-term hurt to the people involved.

I have blogged before on some of the numerous cases in which I have been involved concerning taser misuse including a black man shot in the back with a taser gun in the hallway of his own house and another man, who also in the hallway of his own home,  had a Police Officer turn a taser gun upon him during a minor dispute as to whether or not he had knocked the wing mirror of a Police car.

What was deeply concerning to me were the comments of the Police Officer in that last case who said as follows in regards to shooting someone with a taser gun:-

“…it’s worth raising that people’s perceptions of use of taser is that it is quite serious and it’s quite high up on the scale of things, and in actuality it isn’t, it is quite low down, it comes in at the same level as just putting your hands on somebody…” 

These comments were made by the Officer in response to the internal disciplinary investigation launched after this incident.  They are clear evidence that some Police Officers at least are not being properly trained to use the weapon appropriately and are not fully aware of its potential lethality.  Clearly, unless you are some kind of mutant super hero (or villain), placing your hands on somebody is in no way the same as shooting them with a weapon powered by 50,000 volts of electricity.

I was also concerned that these incidents show how easy it is for some Police Officers to use a taser gun not as a weapon of last resort but as a ‘short cut’ to resolve a dispute – even a non violent dispute – in the Police Officer’s favour before other less violent methods of conflict resolution – for example talking and reasoning  – have properly been exhausted, either because the Officer has lost his temper, or even, frankly, because he is being lazy.

These incidents, because they do not result in fatalities, are little reported by the media and hence most people are simply not aware of them.

Indeed, it is not only Lawyers such as I who handle Police Misconduct claims who are trying to sound a note of caution against the increased deployment of tasers.  Some Police Officers themselves are.  The following comes from an article written for the Guardian on 16/8/16 by Janet Hills, President of the National Black Police Association, in the aftermath of the death of Dalian Atkinson –

As a serving Officer I know what it is like to face a man armed with a knife.  I have seen the dreadful consequences of knife crime in our communities.  What I want is for the taser to be used to reduce the number of tragic incidents, not increase them.  Officers are trained to consider the most appropriate option in the circumstances but ultimately it remains the responsibility of Officers and those who employ them to justify their use of force.  These decisions are underpinned by legislation but the law can only ever be a starting point.  We must train Officers to understand behaviour, to consider all the options, and in critical situations, to be able to give the vital aftercare that is needed. 

As President of the National Black Police Association, I am clearly concerned about the disproportionate use and the impact that taser use has on our communities.  Increasing their use may seem an easy option, but we must always be aware of the concern tasers are causing in communities already filled with mistrust and fear towards the Police. 

Statistics bear out this sense of concern which non- white members of the public may well have regarding an increasingly heavily armed Police Force.  Home Office data covering the period 2010 – 15 shows use of tasers against non- white people is disproportionately heavy – a taser is 3 times more likely to be used against a black person than a white person.

That statistic alone, as Janet Hills points out, calls into question the effectiveness of the current training and screening program which Forces have in place when arming their Officers with tasers.  Surely incidents of inappropriate taser use are going to rise as the number of taser guns on our streets increases?  There are real risks of ‘trigger happy’ officers unable to psychologically handle the responsibility of carrying a gun being unleashed upon the public, especially in a time when Government policy dictates massive reductions in police budgets across the country  – Officer numbers are down a staggering 20,000 since 2010 in this ‘age of austerity’. Where on earth would the financial resources for properly training and regulating entire Forces armed with (at least) taser guns come from ?

You may also remember the shocking footage which was revealed last year showing a black motorist having the windscreen of his car smashed to smithereens by a Metropolitan Police Officer who had clearly lost control of his temper and had turned his baton upon the man’s car in a futile outpouring of rage.  I do not think it is going too far to say that situations like that in the US, where of course all Police Officers routinely carry firearms, often result in the fatal shooting of the black ‘suspect’.  If the Metropolitan Police Federation has what I suspect is its wish, and pushes for not only taser guns but actual bullet firing guns in increasing numbers into the hands of its Officers I fear we could see a similar pattern of fatal Police shootings as occurs in the US.

What I would ask everyone to do is to stop and think about whether they really wish to see what would be a fundamental change in the way our society polices itself,  moving from a non- firearm carrying Police Force to one in which all Officers routinely have at least a taser gun on their person.  As the old saying goes, if the system is not broken, why try and fix it – or certainly why make dramatic changes involving placing a significant increased amount of potentially lethal fire power on our street, albeit, in the hands of Police Officers?

The fact is that we live in a more peaceful society than we did 20 years ago.  The statistics which prove this are indisputable.  Our streets are safer than they were two decades ago. In the 12 months to March 2016, Officers had to discharge firearms on only 7 occasions, and this in a UK population of over 60 Million people. There is less violence in society and the number of incidents involving serious injury, or even death to Police Officers is thankfully minimal. The Police Roll of Honour Trust records in the 3 years 2013- 15 only two officers in the whole of the UK dying as a result of aggressive action by criminal suspects (and in both of those tragic cases, the police officer was run down by a car). Police officers are already, as a matter of routine, equipped with stab vests, truncheons and incapacitant sprays. A significant number of them already have tasers, and there are of course armed response units available to every Force. Why do we need to ramp up the militarisation of our Police any more ?

Once again, it is not only lawyers such as myself sounding this warning, but also serving or former Police Officers. Interviewed by the Daily Mirror on 10/1/17, former Metropolitan Police Chief Superintendent said this –

I feel uneasy seeing armed officers where they are not needed. We have officers trained in firearms who are used when and where intelligence says they are required. I’m all for reinforcing those numbers if statistics and safety say you should. But no one has shown me that statistically they are currently not able to cope.

One thing which my colleagues and I have noticed as a disturbing and repeated theme in this ongoing debate about arming the Police over the last year and more is how those who wish to see the Police carrying more guns will invariably invoke the bloodstained spectre of Terrorism. For example, the current Met Police Federation survey refers to this as a factor.

This is notwithstanding the fact that since 2006 there has been only one terrorism related killing in the UK (that of the highly publicised case of Lee Rigby). Whilst of course, the July 2005 attacks in London tragically killed 52 people, none of those bombings could have been prevented by taser or firearm carrying officers, and, indeed, the only involvement of firearms officers in the aftermath of those attacks, resulted in the shooting dead of an innocent man, Jean Charles de Menezes.

It is true that there have in the last 2 years been multiple terrorist attacks in France, and another recently in Germany, but those countries already have a routinely armed police force, and clearly that failed to stop any of those attacks from being carried out. The fact of the matter is that the way to stop terrorist attacks is to fund our Intelligence Services, who can discover and prevent the plots before they are implemented; that is where our anti- terrorism resources should be going, not into arming the police.

People are scared, however, almost certainly out of proportion to the real risk of them being caught up in a terrorist attack, by the deeply upsetting nature of these events. However, good policy must surely be dictated by a dispassionate analysis of the actual facts and statistics, not an emotional ‘gut’ response to tragedy.

Terrorists want us to be frightened.  They want us to fundamentally change the character of our society.  Terrorists would no doubt be pleased to see the UK change itself from a society with an essentially unarmed Police Force to one where all the Police carry guns thereby increasing the levels of violence in society both as a result of accidental, angry or otherwise inappropriate or disproportionate use of firearms by Police Officers on members of the public, and the risk that criminal elements in society and/or those communities which feel more excluded from mainstream society or victimised and targeted by the Police are then likely to respond by arming themselves with increasing number of firearms escalating us towards a US style firearms society.

Paranoia and fear about terrorists potentially lurking on every street corner is not a sound basis for the formation of policy or fundamental changes to the character and nature of our Police Force.

Guns in America are responsible for approximately 30,000 deaths a year.  No terrorist campaign has come remotely close to causing that amount of harm to our society over many decades (and let us not forget that this is not the first terrorist campaign that we have faced as a Nation).

Let us not do it to ourselves.  The only way the terrorists will win, is if we allow ourselves to be terrified.  They want us to change.  Do not give in to them.

According to latest figures, Birmingham City supporters top the league of shame when it comes to football related arrests. The club’s fans were arrested more times than any other club in the top five divisions of English football.

In light of that statistic, one can imagine the pressure, both internal and external on the officers of (invariably) West Midlands police force to maintain law and order before, during & after any league or cup game.

It no doubt encourages greater pre match preparation on the part of the Police, consideration of “intelligence”, identifying violent troublemakers or “Nominals” as they’re known and ensuring sufficient resources and manpower are available to escort fans to and from and during the game.

It certainly does not however justify wanton, casual violence against any Blues supporter as one officer of West Midlands is now finding out to his cost.

PC Smith was deployed as a football spotter at a local derby game and was attached to an Operational  Support Unit responsible for escorting Birmingham City Supporters from a nearby Train Station to the match.  His specific role was to gather evidence of public order offences by spotting and identifying known high risk “nominals”.

My client on this occasion was one of the Birmingham City Football fans who PC Smith was escorting and who was going to the match.  He had a ticket and was looking forward to supporting his team. He is a man of good character and was not a “known high risk nominal”.

As the crowd of fans neared the ground, they were stopped by a line of Police Officers adjacent to a large set of double gates which led directly into the ground.  PC Smith was one of the officers.  My client began using his iPhone to film the situation.

Whilst standing filming, suddenly he felt a sharp pain as his left hand was struck by something hard. The force of the impact caused him to drop his iPhone and caused damage to his watch.  The strike came from his left hand side and as a consequence, he turned and saw PC Smith standing directly to his left holding a baton.   My client knelt down to pick up his phone and immediately noticed that his left hand was bleeding.  He entered the ground and approached a different Police Officer to report the incident.  The Officer refused to record his complaint.  He then sought medical attention.  The following day, he attended hospital for treatment.  He was diagnosed with a fracture to his left hand. As a consequence of the injury, he was unable to work.

Fortunately, my client had the footage from his iPhone which showed the incident.  Specifically the footage shows a line of Police Officers involved in crowd control, when an Officer’s baton is then seen coming towards the phone in an overhead downward motion.  The filming stops abruptly as the phone is dropped.

My client lodged a complaint to the Independent Police Complaints Commission who launched a full investigation.  All available evidence was gathered including other footage from hand-held video cameras and body worn video of various Police Officers from both West Midlands and British Transport Police.  Owing to the serious nature of this incident the investigation was carried out by the IPCC themselves rather than being delegated to the police force whose officer was the subject of the complaint (West Midlands) as is usually the case.  I have blogged before about the often unsatisfactory nature of a complaint investigation process where the police ‘police’ themselves.

The footage which was gathered showed my client intermittently in the crowd.  He clearly had a device in his hand (the phone) and whilst the crowd around him was pushing him towards the officers, he was not acting in an aggressive or confrontational manner.

My client can be seen standing at the front of a crowd of supporters. A shout of ‘hold the line, hold the line’ can be heard from the Police.  This is then followed by a Police shout of ‘Show of force, show of force’.

PC Smith can be seen with his baton in his right hand, raised above his right shoulder with his left arm outstretched making a pointing gesture towards the supporters.

PC Smith can then be seen to raise his baton in the air and to swing it in a forceful downward movement.

The IPCC carried out an extensive investigation, reviewing all evidence that had been gathered and interviewing all witnesses.

As part of the investigation, PC Smith himself was interviewed under caution.

He reported that he had attended a pre-match briefing where officers were informed that it was believed that 250 known violent Birmingham City Supporters would be amongst the crowd and as such a “zero tolerance” approach would be taken in relation to these individuals.

He recalled that he found himself present in a line of officers that was stood between a crowd of Birmingham City Supporters and the insecure gates to the ground. The officer felt the situation was very volatile and that supporters were trying to rush against the line of officers in an attempt to break the police line.

PC Smith was aware that a command had been given by the OSU Inspector to show a use of force.

The officer stated that he feared for his own safety and felt particularly vulnerable.

He reported that whilst focusing on a known violent nominal at the front of the crowd, he suddenly became aware of a light shining in his eyes.   The light, such as it was, was in fact coming from my client’s phone as he filmed the scene, but was alleged by PC Smith, in my opinion entirely over dramatically to be like a ‘flash bang’ or ‘smoke bomb’ (not a known feature of Apple products in my experience).

PC Smith says he then made the decision to make an overhead baton strike to remove the light from his field of vision.

In doing so, he accepted that he had hit my client’s hand and noted afterwards that he saw a mobile phone on the ground with the light still shining.

PC Smith denied that he had used excessive force.

The appropriateness of PC Smith’s baton strike in the general direction of an illuminated light source must be questioned.

Was the use of such force necessary and proportionate in the circumstances?

Unlike the Police Officers confronting them, the football fans, including my client were not wearing any protective head-gear.  In lashing out at an unknown target with an over-head strike, in response to the provocation which at best can be described as ‘glare from a phone screen’ PC Smith was literally endangering life and limb of my client and other people around him.

Don’t just take my word for it, these are the comments of the IPCC investigator:-

[The overhead downward baton strike luckily connected with a green strike area, could just as easily have connected with a red area and resulted in a fatal injury]

Fortunately my client suffered only a broken bone as a result of the strike.  However, even this took a number of months to heal.

Following review of all the evidence the IPCC have concluded that PC Smith has a case to answer, and he will now face a misconduct hearing.  This in my opinion is only right and proper.

In the meantime, on behalf of my client I have intimated a claim against West Midlands Police.

Following investigation and no doubt cognisant of the findings and recommendations of the IPCC case worker, West Midlands Police have admitted full liability and have agreed to compensate him for his injuries and losses.

I am now in the process of commissioning medical evidence which will identify the full nature and extent of my client’s injuries and assessing and determining my client’s losses.

PC Smith’s fate is presently unknown but at least my client now knows that he will be compensated.

In the meantime, I reflect on other similar cases I have dealt with involving the mistreatment of Birmingham City supporters by West Midlands Police, including that of my client Chris in which an officer delivered a deliberate head strike with the ‘blade’ or edge of his riot shield.

When shields and batons are being used in this fashion against non-violent fans, amidst police cries of “Hold the line!” and “Show force!” reminiscent of macho dialogue from the film Gladiator, we have to question the mentality and training of some elements of the West Midlands Police Force who seem to be casting themselves in the role of Romans versus Barbarians, and using militaristic tactics against unarmed and unarmoured opponents.

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